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  Research highlights item 1: We revealed the mechanism of Ta substitution in TiO2-NTs for suppressing the charge carrier trap states and double-photon absorption.

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  Research highlights item 2: We introduced Ta to substitute Ti position in TiO2-NTs lattice through a simple fluorination process.

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  Research highlights item 3: We excited the photogenerated carriers under a modulated sinusoidal visible light to simulate the kinetics of charge carriers at the ETL/PAL interface.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101407